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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the center of which is a 20-meter (22-yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground. When ten players have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.Cricket has close historical ties with Australian rules football and many players have competed at top levels in both sports.[1] The inter-war years were dominated by Australian Test cricket, with England sending a team to Australia in 1938 that played a five-Test series. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930) and India (1932) before the Second World War and then Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992), Bangladesh (2000), Ireland and Afghanistan (both 2018) in the post-war period.[1][2][3] South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 as part of the apartheid boycott.[4][5]Cricket is a multi-faceted sport with multiple formats that can effectively be divided into first-class cricket, limited overs cricket and, historically, single wicket cricket. The highest standard is Test cricket (always written with a capital "T") which is in effect the international version of first-class cricket and is restricted to teams representing the twelve countries that are full members of the ICC (see above). Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between Australia and England in the 1876–77 Australian season; since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as The Ashes. The term "first-class", in general usage, is applied to top-level domestic cricket. Test matches are played over five days and first-class over three to four days; in all of these matches, the teams are allotted two innings each and the draw is a valid result.[6][7]Limited overs cricket is always scheduled for completion in a single day. There are two types: List A which normally allows fifty overs per team; and Twenty20 in which the teams have twenty overs each. Both of the limited overs forms are played internationally as Limited Overs Internationals (LOI) and Twenty20 Internationals (T20I). List A was introduced in England in the 1963 season as a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced to the other leading cricket countries and the first limited overs international was played in 1971. In 1975, the first Cricket World Cup took place in England. Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three hours, usually in an evening session. The first Twenty20 World Championship was held in 2007. Limited overs matches cannot be drawn, although a tie is possible and an unfinished match is a "no result".[120][121]In most limited overs cricket there are restrictions on the number of overs that may be bowled by any one bowler. Therefore, a team may have one or two main bowlers, with the rest of the squad being used as supporting bowlers. The main bowlers may be given the new ball to bowl with and be protected from having to bowl too many overs, while the supporting bowlers are assigned specific roles to bowl in specific overs. The captain decides when each bowler will bowl.A distinctive feature of the game is the number of players in each team. Cricket is unique in that there are eleven players in each team. This is thought to have originated from the earlier form of the game in which there were ten fielders and only two batsmen. The game was originally played on a large common between two villages in England. The villagers would agree on the number of players from each village that would take part. The game would be played until one team had lost all their wickets or one side had scored more runs than the other.Cricket is played on a large oval-shaped field, known as a pitch, in the center of which is a rectangular strip, known as the crease, which is where the batsman stands when taking guard. The width of the pitch varies from 20 to 22 yards (18 to 20 m), with the length usually being twice the width. The pitch is flat and very hard, so a good batsman can score runs by hitting the ball hard and fast along the ground to the boundary, or by hitting the ball in the air over the boundary.The game is played with a hard, leather-covered ball, which is bowled at the batsman by the bowler, who delivers it from one end of the pitch. The batsman, using a wooden bat, must defend himself from the ball, which can be very fast and bounce high off the pitch. He does this by either hitting the ball away from the pitch, or by 'defending' it, i.e., letting it hit his bat and then dropping it to the ground so that it cannot be bowled again. When the batsman hits the ball away from the pitch, he may run to the other end of the pitch, and his partner, who has been waiting at that end, may run to the other end to take his place. This is known as a 'run'. If the batsman hits the ball over the boundary on the full, he and his partner may run an extra 'four' (the equivalent of four runs). If the ball hits the boundary on the full without bouncing, it is called a 'six' and the batsman and his partner may run an extra 'six'.The bowler, from his end of the pitch, bowls the ball towards the batsman, who must defend himself. The bowler tries to get the batsman out by bowling the ball so that it hits the wicket, or by bowling it so that the batsman hits it with his bat and it is caught by one of the fielders. The batsman may also be 'caught out' if the ball hits his bat and is then caught by the wicket-keeper or a fielder.If the batsman hits the ball and it goes to the boundary, he and his partner may run between the wickets. If they run between the wickets, they may score 'runs'. If the ball hits the boundary without bouncing, it is called a 'four' and the batsman and his partner may run an extra 'four'. If the ball hits the boundary on the full without bouncing, it is called a 'six' and the batsman and his partner may run an extra 'six'.Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image, right) between two teams of eleven players each.[58] The field is usually circular or oval in shape and the edge of the playing area is marked by a boundary, which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length.[59]The game is played by the two teams, usually of eleven players each, one of whom is the captain. A match is divided into innings, and each team takes its turn to bat and bowl. The order of batting is decided by a coin toss at the start of the match, and the team batting first sets a target score, or 'runs', for the other team to achieve. The team bowling first tries to prevent the other team from scoring runs, while the team batting second tries to score more runs than their opponents.When the team batting second has scored more runs than the team batting first, or the team batting first has been all out, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is played over a number of innings, and the team with the most runs at the end of the innings wins the match.Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image, right) between two teams of eleven players each.[58] The field is usually circular or oval in shape and the edge of the playing area is marked by a boundary, which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length.[59]The game is played by the two teams, usually of eleven players each, one of whom is the captain. A match is divided into innings, and each team takes its turn to bat and bowl. The order of batting is decided by a coin toss at the start of the match, and the team batting first sets a target score, or 'runs', for the other team to achieve. The team bowling first tries to prevent the other team from scoring runs, while the team batting second tries to score more runs than their opponents.When the team batting second has scored more runs than the team batting first, or the team batting first has been all out, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is played over a number of innings, and the team with the most runs at the end of the innings wins the match.In cricket, the rules of the game are specified in a code called The Laws of Cricket (hereinafter called "the Laws") which has a global remit. The International Cricket Council (hereinafter called "the ICC") is the global governing body of cricket. The ICC has the power to make and amend the Laws, and all member countries are bound by the Laws as they apply to cricket played within their territory.The ICC does not have copyright or ownership of the Laws. They are available free of charge from the ICC's website. The ICC has approved two official code books which contain the full text of the Laws: the Marylebone Cricket Club's Code of the Laws of Cricket and the Australian Code of the Laws of Cricket. The MCC's code was first published in 1744 and the Australian code was first published in 1858.The ICC has also approved two other code books which are not full texts of the Laws but which contain selected provisions: the Code of Practice for Match Officials and the Code of Conduct for Players and Player Support Personnel.The MCC's code is the most widely used. It is also used by the England and Wales Cricket Board in its own playing regulations. The Australian code is used by Cricket Australia and the Marylebone Cricket Club in its overseas tours.The ICC has a number of other initiatives in relation to the Laws. These include the production of an annual Playing Handbook, which contains information on the Laws and guidance on their interpretation; the production of a quarterly umpires' newsletter; and the holding of regular seminars for umpires and scorers.The ICC also appoints a panel of ICC Cricket Umpires to adjudicate Test matches and One Day Internationals. The panel is currently chaired by David Boon.The ICC has a number of other initiatives in relation to the Laws. These include the production of an annual Playing Handbook, which contains information on the Laws and guidance on their interpretation; the production of a quarterly umpires' newsletter; and the holding of regular seminars for umpires and scorers.The ICC also appoints a panel of ICC Cricket Umpires to adjudicate Test matches and One Day Internationals. The panel is currently chaired by David Boon.The Laws of Cricket are a code which specify the rules of the game of cricket worldwide. The code is maintained by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London, and the current version is the 2017 Code of the Laws of Cricket.The main laws are those which relate to the batting, bowling and fielding. These laws are applicable in all forms of the game, although there are variations in some of the details for different formats.The batting laws are concerned with the batsman's right to strike the ball, and with how runs are scored. The bowling laws are concerned with the bowler's right to run in and deliver the ball, and with how wickets are taken. The fielding laws are concerned with the fielding side's right to protect its wicket, and with how catches are taken.The laws are grouped into four main sections:The batting laws (Laws 2 to 8)The bowling laws (Laws 9 to 17)The fielding laws (Laws 18 to 28)The general laws (Laws 29 to 38)The laws are further divided into sub-sections, and each sub-section is given a number. For example, Law 2 (the batsman's right to strike the ball) is divided into four sub-sections:Law 2.1 (the batsman's right to strike the ball)Law 2.2 (the batsman's right to guard his wicket)Law 2.3 (the batsman's right to run between the wickets)Law 2.4 (the batsman's right to be out of his ground when the ball is being bowled)The full text of the laws is available on the MCC website.The MCC is responsible for the code of the Laws of Cricket, and for the Playing Conditions which govern all international matches. The ICC is responsible for the administration of the game worldwide, and has a number of initiatives in relation to the Laws, including the production of an annual Playing Handbook and the holding of regular seminars for umpires and scorers.The ICC also appoints a panel of ICC Cricket Umpires to adjudicate Test matches and One Day Internationalslive cricket betting sites